|
The Székely Land〔 or Szeklerland〔George Schöpflin, (Nations, Identity, Power: The New Politics of Europe ), C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, p. 404〕 ((ハンガリー語:Székelyföld), ; (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Ținutul Secuiesc) (also ''Secuimea''); (ドイツ語:Szeklerland); (ラテン語:Terra Siculorum))〔James Minahan, (Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. 4. S - Z ), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 1810〕 is a historic and ethnographic area in Romania, inhabited mainly by Hungarians and Romanians. Its cultural centre is the city of Târgu Mureș, the largest settlement in the region.〔 The Székelys (or Szeklers), a subgroup of the Hungarian people,〔 live in the valleys and hills of the Eastern Carpathian Mountains, corresponding to the present-day Harghita, Covasna, and parts of Mureş counties in Romania. Originally, the name ''Székely Land'' denoted the territories of a number of autonomous Székely seats within Transylvania. The self-governing Szekler seats had their own administrative system,〔Józsa Hévizi, Thomas J. DeKornfeld, (Autonomies in Hungary and Europe: a comparative study ), Corvinus Society, 2005, p. 195〕 and existed as legal entities from medieval times until the 1870s. The privileges of the Székely and Saxon seats were abolished and seats were replaced with counties in 1876. Along with Transylvania and eastern parts of Hungary proper, Székely Land became a part of Romania in 1920, in accordance with the Treaty of Trianon. In August 1940, as a consequence of the Second Vienna Award, the northern territories of Transylvania, including Székely Land, were ceded to Hungary, under Third Reich auspices. Northern Transylvania came under the control of Soviet and Romanian forces in 1944,〔(the Armistice Agreement with Romania )〕 and were confirmed as part of Romania by the Paris peace treaties, signed after World War II, in 1947. Under the name Magyar Autonomous Region, with Târgu-Mureş as capital,〔()〕 parts of Székely Land enjoyed a certain level of autonomy between 8 September 1952 and 16 February 1968. There are territorial autonomy initiatives with the aim to obtain self-governance for this region within Romania. ==History== Ancient Hungarian legends suggest a connection between the Székelys and Attila's Huns. The origin of the Székely people is still debated. The Székely seats were the traditional self-governing territorial units of the Transylvanian Székelys during medieval times. (Saxons were also organised in seats.) The Seats were not part of the traditional Hungarian county system, and their inhabitants enjoyed a higher level of freedom (especially until the 18th century) than those living in the counties. From the 12th and 13th centuries until 1876, the Székely Land enjoyed a considerable but varying amount of autonomy, first as a part of the Kingdom of Hungary, then inside the Principality of Transylvania, and finally as a part of the Habsburg Empire. The autonomy was largely due to the military service the Székely provided until the beginning of the 18th century. The medieval Székely Land was an alliance of the seven autonomous Székely seats of ''Udvarhely'', ''Csík'', ''Maros'', ''Sepsi'', ''Kézdi'', ''Orbai'' and ''Aranyos''. The number of seats later decreased to five, when ''Sepsi'', ''Kézdi'' and ''Orbai'' seats were united into one territorial unit called ''Háromszék'' (literally ''Three seats''). The main seat was Udvarhely seat, which was also called the Principal seat ((ラテン語:Capitalis Sedes))〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Voievodatul Transilvaniei )〕 At Szekelyudvarhely (Odorheiu Secuiesc) were held many national assemblies of the Székelys〔(【引用サイトリンク】title="capitalis sedes" - Cutare Google )〕 A known exception is the 1554 assembly, which took place at Marosvásáhrely (Târgu Mureș) 〔http://mek.oszk.hu/03100/03187/03187.pdf〕 As a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Transylvania became again part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary and ceased to exist as a separate legal or administrative entity. In 1876, a general administrative reform abolished all the autonomous areas in the Kingdom of Hungary and created a unified system of counties. As a result, the autonomy of the Székely Land came to an end as well. Four counties were created in its place: Udvarhely, Háromszék, Csík, and Maros-Torda. (Only half of the territory of Maros-Torda originally belonged to Székely Land.) The isolated Aranyosszék became a district of Torda-Aranyos county. In December 1918, in the wake of the First World War, Romanian delegates from throughout Transylvania voted to join the Kingdom of Romania; this move was internationally recognized in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. The Romanian language officially replaced Hungarian in the Székely Land, but Székely county boundaries were preserved, and Székely districts were able to elect their own officials at local level and to preserve Hungarian-language education. In 1940, Romania was forced to cede Northern Transylvania to Hungary in the Second Vienna Award; this territory included most of the historical Székely areas. Hungarian authorities subsequently restored the pre-Trianon structure with slight modifications. Following the territory's return to Romania after World War II, a Magyar Autonomous Region was created in 1952, which encompassed most of the land inhabited by the Székely. This region lasted until 1968 when the administrative reform divided Romania into the current counties. Roughly speaking, present-day Harghita County encompasses the former Udvarhely and Csík, the latter including Gyergyószék; Covasna County covers more or less the territory of the former Háromszék; and what was once Maros-Torda is mostly part of present-day Mureş County. The former Aranyosszék is today divided between Cluj and Alba counties. After the fall of communism, many hoped that the former Magyar Autonomous Region, abolished by Nicolae Ceauşescu's regime, would soon be restored again. This has not happened; however, there are Székely autonomy initiatives〔(Manifesto of the Szekely Assembly )〕 and further efforts from Székely organisations to reach a higher level of self-governance for the Székely Land within Romania. On 2 February 2009, Romanian President Traian Băsescu met the Hungarian President László Sólyom in Budapest and discussed the issues of minority rights and regional autonomy. Băsescu affirmed "The Hungarian minority will never be given territorial autonomy."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=World protests back Székely autonomy )〕 In 2014, the UDMR and the Hungarian Civic Party had a joint autonomy proposal for Szeklerland but the Szekler National Council also possessed its own suggestion. Image:Székely counties towns.svg|Traditional Székely Land (19th century) File:Hungarian autonomous province02.png|Hungarian autonomous provinces under the Communist era File:Szekelyfold.svg|Present-day counties of Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș within Romania 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Székely Land」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|